Mosh is not compatible with Cygwin's built-in Windows Console terminal emulation. You will need to run Mosh from a full-featured terminal program such as mintty, rxvt, PuTTY, or an X11 terminal emulator. Operating system logos are trademarks or registered trademarks and are displayed for identification only.
The vendors shown aren't affiliated with and haven't endorsed Mosh. Note that mosh-client receives an AES session key as an environment variable. If you are porting Mosh to a new operating system, please make sure that a running process's environment variables are not readable by other users. The user can specify an alternate path for the mosh-server on the remote host. The server binary can even be installed in the user's home directory.
The -n switch is a synonym. Normally, logout or exit on the remote host will close the session. More details can be found in the mosh 1 , mosh-client 1 , and mosh-server 1 manual pages. The Mosh research paper describes the design and evaluation of Mosh in more detail than you may want. In addition, the Mosh: A State-of-the-Art Good Old-Fashioned Mobile Shell essay gives further information about the design principles behind Mosh, including the "prophylactic retransmission" technique.
Why you should trust Mosh with your remote terminal needs: we worry about details so obscure, even USENIX reviewers don't want to hear about them. Remote-shell protocols traditionally work by conveying a byte-stream from the server to the client, to be interpreted by the client's terminal. Mosh works differently and at a different layer. With Mosh, the server and client both maintain a snapshot of the current screen state. The problem becomes one of state-synchronization: getting the client to the most recent server-side screen as efficiently as possible.
This is accomplished using a new protocol called the State Synchronization Protocol , for which Mosh is the first application. While SSP takes care of the networking protocol, it is the implementation of the object being synchronized that defines the ultimate semantics of the protocol.
Roaming with SSP becomes easy: the client sends datagrams to the server with increasing sequence numbers, including a "heartbeat" at least once every three seconds. Every time the server receives an authentic packet from the client with a sequence number higher than any it has previously received, the IP source address of that packet becomes the server's new target for its outgoing packets.
Roaming works even when the client is not aware that its Internet-visible IP address has changed. The heartbeats allow Mosh to inform the user when it hasn't heard from the server in a while unlike SSH, where users may be unaware of a dropped connection until they try to type. Mosh runs two copies of SSP, one in each direction of the connection. The connection from client to server synchronizes an object that represents the keys typed by the user, and with TCP-like semantics.
The connection from server to client synchronizes an object that represent the current screen state, and the goal is always to convey the client to the most recent server-side state, possibly skipping intermediate frames.
Because SSP works at the object layer and can control the rate of synchronization in other words, the frame rate , it does not need to send every byte it receives from the application. That means Mosh can regulate the frames so as not to fill up network buffers, retaining the responsiveness of the connection and making sure Control-C always works quickly.
Protocols that must send every byte can't do this. One benefit of working at the terminal layer was the opportunity to build a clean UTF-8 terminal emulator from scratch.
Mosh fixes several Unicode bugs in existing terminals and in SSH, and was designed as a fresh start to try to be robust and correct even for pathological inputs. Only Mosh will never get stuck in hieroglyphs when a nasty program writes to the terminal. The OS X Terminal unwisely tries to normalize its input before the vt state machine, causing it to misinterpret and become unusable after receiving the following input!
This was mistaken—instead, Terminal. See diagnostic explaining the need for this flag. The other major benefit of working at the terminal-emulation layer is that the Mosh client is free to scribble on the local screen without lasting consequence.
We use this to implement intelligent local echo. The client runs a predictive model in the background of the server's behavior, hypothesizing that each keystroke will be echoed at the cursor location and that the backspace and left- and right-arrow keys will have their traditional effect.
But only when a prediction is confirmed by the server are these effects actually shown to the user. We evaluated Mosh using traces contributed by six users, covering about 40 hours of real-world usage and including 9, total keystrokes.
These traces included the timing and contents of all writes from the user to the host and vice versa. The users were asked to contribute "typical, real-world sessions. To evaluate typical usage of a "mobile" terminal, we replayed the traces over an otherwise unloaded Sprint commercial EV-DO 3G cellular Internet connection in Cambridge, Mass.
A client-side process played the user portion of the traces, and a server-side process waited for the expected user input and then replied in time with the prerecorded server output. We speeded up long periods with no activity. The average round-trip time on the link was about half a second. We replayed the traces over two different transports, SSH and Mosh, and recorded the user interface response latency to each simulated user keystroke. The Mosh predictive algorithm was frozen prior to collecting the traces and was not adjusted in response to their contents or results.
Qualitatively, Mosh makes remote servers "feel" more like the local machine! Practical latency on the Internet is on the increase, with the rise of bufferbloat and sophisticated wireless links that optimize for throughput over delay.
And roaming is more common than ever, now that laptops and handheld devices have largely displaced desktops. SSH is great, but frustrating to use when you want to change IP addresses or have a long-delay link or a dodgy connection. We think so. The design principles that Mosh stands for are conservative: warning the user if the state being displayed is out of date, serializing and checkpointing all transactions so that if there are no warnings, the user knows every prior transaction has succeeded, and handling expected events like roaming from one WiFi network to another gracefully.
Those don't seem too controversial, but fancy apps like Gmail-in-Chromium or on Android still behave atrociously on dodgy connections or after switching IP addresses. Have you ever had Gmail leave an e-mail message in "Sending Us too. We think there may be considerable room for improvement in many network user interfaces from the application of these values. To diagnose the problem, run locale on the local terminal, and ssh remotehost locale.
On many systems, SSH will transfer the locale-related environment variables, which are then inherited by mosh-server.
If this mechanism fails, Mosh as of version 1. If neither mechanism is successful, you can do something like. You may also need to set LANG locally for the benefit of mosh-client. It is possible that the local and remote machines will need different locale names. See also this GitHub ticket. This means that mosh was able to start mosh-server successfully on the remote machine, but the client is not able to communicate with the server.
This generally means that some type of firewall is blocking the UDP packets between the client and the server. Mosh will use the first available UDP port, starting at and stopping at The second new feature found in Build is a working Control Center as can be seen in the image below.
It looks like a miniaturized Action Center with some of the quick actions appearing in the Action Center window. Windows 11 Build official ISO images now available. Download link. Microsoft to force-update PCs running Windows 10 version , as it reaches end of life. Microsoft has been working on a new Composable Shell for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile over the past few months.
The new keyboard in Windows 10 is mainly for tablet users who use the on-sc Redmond recently published two job vacancies on its Microsoft Careers website.
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